HORMONES CHART - Types, sources and effects

INFORMATION ON STEROIDS

You on Steroids – Control metabolism, inflammation, immunity, water-balance, sexual characteristics
Sex steroids – “Your body is not your own”
Synthetic steroids – “Frankenstein look-a-likes”
Estrogens – “Predominantly female hormones” ESTRADIOL, ESTRONE, ESTRIOL
Estrogen Dominance – Hormonal imbalance of our time
Androgens – “Predominantly male hormones testosterone DHT
Progestogens – “precursors to androgens, estrogens and corticoids”. PROGESTERONE, PREGNENOLONE

HORMONES CHART
* Catecholamine (CAT) – Adrenal “Fight or Flight”hormones released in response to stress; Part of the sympathetic nervous system.
Structure			Hormone	Abbr.		Source		Effect
A M I N E S	Tryptophan		MELATONIN			Pineal gland		Antioxidant / causes drowsiness
	Tryptophan		SEROTONIN	5-HT		CNS, GI Tract		Controls mood, appetite, sleep
	Tyrosine		Thyroxine	T4		Thyroid gland		Weak thyroid hormone (TH) form; ▲ BMR and sensitivity to catecholamines (CATs); affects protein synthesis
	Tyrosine		Triiodothyronine	T3		Thyroid gland		Potent TH form; ▲ BMR and sensitivity to CATs; affects protein synthesis
	Tyrosine CATs*		EPINEPHRINE (ADRENALINE)			Adrenal medulla		“Fight or flight”response; ▲ Oxygen /Glucose supply to brain/muscles (▲ heart rate, stroke volume, vasodilation, breakdown of liver’s glycogen & FAT cell lipids); Dilates pupils; suppresses non-emergency systems (E.g digestion, immune system)
			NOREPINEPHRINE (NORADRENALINE)			Adrenal medulla		“Fight or flight” response; ▲ oxygen /glucose supply to brain/muscles (▲ heart rate, stroke volume, vasoconstriction, blood pressure, breakdown of fat cell lipids); ▲ Skeletal muscle readiness
			DOPAMINE			Kidney, hypothalamus		▲ Heart rate, blood pressure Inhibit release of PROLACTIN & TRH
	Histidine		HISTAMINE			Stomach		▲ Stimulate gastric acid secretion
P O L Y P E P T I D E S
			Antimullerian hormone		Testes		Inhibit release of PROLACTIN & TRH
			Adiponectin		Adipose
			ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN HORMONE	ACTH	Anterior pituitary		Synthesis of glucocorticoids and weak androgens in adrenal cortex
			ANGIOTENSINOGEN / ANGIOTENSIN	AGT	Liver		Vasoconstriction /Release ALDOSTERONE from adrenal cortex
			Antidiuretic hormone (aka Vasopressin)	ADH	Posterior pituitary		Water retention in kidneys. /Moderate vasoconstriction /Release ACTH
			Atrial-Natriuretic peptide	ANP	Heart
			Brain Natriuretic peptide		Heart		(Minor to ANP) Reduces blood pressure (by reducing ▼ systemic vascular resistance, blood water, sodium and fats)
			CALCITONIN		Thyroid gland		Construct bone / Reduce blood Ca²⁺
			CHOLECYSTOKININ	CCK	Duodenum		Release pancreatic enzymes /Release bile from gallbladder / Hunger suppressant
			CORTICOTROPIN -RELEASING HORMONE	CRH	Hypothalamus		Release ACTH from anterior pituitary
			ENDOTHELIN		Endothelium, stomach		▲ Increase blood pressure (by constricting blood vessels) ▲ Stimulates gastric acid secretion
			ENKEPHALIN		Kidneys		Regulates pain
			ERYTHROPOIETIN		Kidney		Stimulate erythrocyte production
			FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE	FSH	Anterior pituitary		Female: stimulates maturation of ovarian Graafian follicles Male: spermatogenesis /Enhances sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) production by teste’s Sertoli cells
			GASTRIN		Stomach, duodenum		Gastric acid secretion by parietal cells
			GHRELIN		Stomach		Stimulate appetite / GH secretion from anterior pituitary gland
			GLUCAGON		Pancreas		Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver ▲ Blood glucose
			GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE	GnRH	Hypothalamus		FSH and LH release from anterior pituitary
			GROWTH HORMONE-RELEASING HORMONE	GHRH	Hypothalamus		GH release from anterior pituiatary
			HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN	HcG	Placenta		Maintain corpus luteum in early pregnancy /Inhibit immune response to embryo
			HUMAN PLACENTAL LACTOGEN	HPL	Placenta		Decreases maternal INSULIN sensitivity to keep mother’s blood glucose available for baby ▲ INSULIN + IGF-1 production ▲ INSULIN Resistance (IR) & carbohydrate intolerance
P O L Y P E P T I D E S			GROWTH HORMONE	GH or hGH	Anterior pituitary		a.k.a. HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE (hGH); Stimulate growth & cell reproduction
			INHIBIN		Testes, ovaries, fetus		Inhibit FSH production
			INSULIN		Pancreas		Inhibits GLUCAGON release /Promotes uptake of glucose in liver, muscle, & fat cells from blood, stored as glycogen in liver and muscle / Glycogenesis & glycolysis in liver /Lipid intake and TG synthesis in adipocytes
			INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR	IGF	Liver		INSULIN-like effects / Regulate cell growth & development
			LEPTIN		Adipose tissue		▼ Appetite ▲ Metabolism
			LIPOTROPIN		Anterior pituitary		Lipolysis, steroidogenesis; Stimulates melanin production by melanocytes
			LUTEINIZING HORMONE	LH	Anterior pituitary		Female: ovulation. Male: Stimulate Lehdig cell TESTOSTERONE production
			MELANOCYTE STIMULATING HORMONE	MSH	Anterior pituitary, pars intermedia		De novo melanin production by melanocytes in skin and hair
			NEUROPEPTIDE Y	NP Y	Stomach		Production: ▲ Increased by food intake ▼ Reduced by physical activity
			OREXIN		Hypothalamus		Wakefulness ▲ Energy expenditure ▲ Appetite
			OXYTOCIN		Posterior pituitary		Release breast milk; Contraction of cervix/vagina Involved in: orgasm, trust between people, circadian homeostasis (body temp., activity level, wakefulness)
			PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE		Pancreas		– Self regulates pancreatic exocrine and endocrine secretion; – Effects hepatic glycogen levels – Effects GI secretions
			PARATHYROIID HORMONE	PTH	Parathyroid gland		Opposes CALCITONIN ▲ Blood Ca²⁺/indirectly stim. osteoclasts – Ca²⁺ reabsorption in kidney Activate vitamin D▼ (Slightly) blood phosphate: ▼ reuptake in kidney ▲ uptake from bones
			PROLACTIN	PRL	Anterior pituitary, Uterus		▲ Milk production in mammary glands Sexual gratification after sexual acts
			PROLACTIN-RELEASING HORMONE	PRH	Hypothalamus		Releases PROLACTIN from anterior pituitary
			RELAXIN		Uterus		Unclear in humans
			RENIN		Kidneys		Activates renin-angiotensin system (produces ANGIOTENSIN I from ANGIOTENSINOGEN)
			SECRETIN		Duodenum		▲ Secretion of bicarbonate: from liver, pancreas, duodenal Brunner’s glands ▲ Effects of CHOLECYSTOKININ ▼ (stops) Gastric juice production
			SOMATOSTATIN		Hypothalamus, Islets of Langerhans, GI system		▼ Inhibit release of pituitary GH and TRH ▼ Suppress release of: GASTRIN, CCK, SECRETIN, MOTILIN, VIP, GIP, ENTEROGLUCAGON in GI system ▼ Lowers gastric emptying rate ▼ Reduces smooth muscle contractions and blood flow within the intestine ▼ Inhibit pancreatic release of INSULIN and GLUCAGON ▼ Suppress pancreatic exocrine secretion.
			THROMBOPOIETIN		Liver, kidneys, striated muscle		Produce platelets
			THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE (aka THYROTROPIN)	TSH	Anterior pituitary		▲ Thyroid gland secretion of T4 and T3
			THYROTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE	TRH	Hypothalamus		▲ Releases TSH ▲ Stimulates PRL release
S T E R O I D S	INFORMATION ON STEROIDS You on Steroids – Control metabolism, inflammation, immunity, water-balance, sexual characteristics Sex steroids – “Your body is snot your own” Synthetic steroids – “Frankenstein look-a-likes” Estrogens – “Predominantly female hormones” Estrogen Dominance – Hormonal imbalance of our time Androgens – “Predominantly male hormones Progestagens – “precursors to androgens, estrogens and corticoids”
	Gluco-corticoid		CORTISOL		Adrenal cortex		Anti-inflammatory / Immunosuppressive ▲ Stimulate gluconeogenesis ▼ Inhibit glucose uptake in muscle/fat cells ▲ Mobilize amino acids from extrahepatic tissues ▲ Stimulate fat breakdown in adipose tissue
	Mineralo-corticoid		ALDOSTERONE		Adrenal cortex		Increase blood volume (reabsorbs sodium in kidneys) Potassium and H+ secretion in kidney
	S E X S T E R O I D S	A n d r o g e n s	TESTOSTERONE		Testes		Libido/ Anabolic (Energy building): ▲ muscle mass/strength , bone density, growth Virilzing: sex organ maturation /scrotum formation, deep voice, male-pattern hair growth
			DEHYDRO-EPIANDROSTERONE	DHEA	Testes, ovaries, kidneys		Virilization, anabolic
			ANDROSTENEDIONE	ANDRO	Adrenal glands, gonads		Substrate for Estrogen
			DIHYDRO-TESTOSTERONE	DHT	Multiple
S T E R O I D S	S E X S T E R O I D S	E s t r o g e n s	ESTRADIOL	E2	Ovaries, testes		Females: Structural: Maintain blood vessels/skin ▲ Formation of female secondary sex characteristics ▲ Height growth ▲ Metabolism (fat-burning) ▲ Endometrial / uterine growth ▲ Bone formation ▼ Muscle mass ▼ Bone resorption (increases bone formation) Protein synthesis: Production of hepatic binding proteins Coagulation: ▲ Circulating levels of factors 2, 7, 9, 10, anithrombin III, plasminogen; ▲ Platelet adhesiveness Fats: ▲ HDL, TGs ▲ LDL, fat deposition Fluid balance: ▲ Salt (Na) / water retention Hormones: ▲ GH, CORTISOL, SHBG GI tract: ▲ Bowel motility ▲ Cholesterol in bile Melanin: ▲ Pheomelanin ▼ Eumelanin Cancer: Promotes hormone-sensitive cancers LUNG FUNCTION: ▲ Supports alveoli. Males: Prevent apoptosis of germ cells
	S E X S T E R O I D S		ESTRONE	E1	Ovaries
	S E X S T E R O I D S		ESTRIOL	E3	Placenta
		P r o g e s t a g e n s	PROGESTERONE		Ovaries, pregnant placenta, Adrenal glands		Support pregnancy: Convert endometrium to secretory stage; Make cervical mucus permeable to sperm; ▼ Inhibit immune response to embryo ▼ Uterine smooth muscle contractility ▼ Lactation ▼ Onset of labor ▲ Fetal production of adrenal mineralo- and glucosteroids Other: ▲ Epidermal growth factor-1 – has a vital role in the production of collagen, elastin, and hyaluronic acid for epithelial / epidermal growth ▲ Core temperature during ovulation ▼ Spasm ▼ Gallbladder activity Relax smooth muscle (widen bronchi/regulate mucus) Anti-inflammatory Normalize: blood clotting /vascular tone, zinc and copper levels, cell oxygen levels, and use of fat stores for energy. Assist thyroid function Support bone growth (supports osteoblasts), teeth, gums, joints, tendon, ligament, skin (heals by regulating collagen); Help nerve function / healing by regulating myelin Prevent reproductive organ cancers by regulating effects of estrogen
			PREGNENOLONE
	Sterols		CALCITRIOL (1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D₃)		Skin, proximal tubule of kidneys		Active form of vitamin D ▲ Calcium and phosphate absorption from GI tract and kidneys ▼ Inhibit release of PTH
	Sterols		CALCIDIOL(25-hydroxyvitamin D₃)		Skin, proximal tubule of kidneys		Inactive form of vitamin D